As darkness falls during Advent in parts of southern Germany, the streets can suddenly fill with the sound of bells, cracking whips and heavy footsteps. Figures with horns, fur-covered costumes and carved wooden masks emerge from the shadows. This is the Krampus, a centuries-old figure rooted in Alpine folklore that continues to shape winter traditions today.
The Krampus originates from pre-Christian pagan customs in the Alpine region, where masked figures were believed to chase away winter and evil spirits. Over time, the tradition became intertwined with Christian Advent rituals. The Krampus was cast as the fearsome counterpart to Saint Nicholas, a symbolic enforcer who once punished naughty children while Saint Nicholas rewarded the well-behaved.
In modern times, this tradition survives in the form of Krampus runs, public processions held during Advent. In Germany, these events are mainly found in southern Bavaria, especially in Alpine regions. Participants dress as Krampus figures and parade through town centers, creating a dramatic spectacle that blends folklore, history and performance.
One of the most well-known Krampus runs takes place in Munich, where the customs group Sparifankerl Pass organizes an annual procession through the historic old town. Historical accounts show that similar masked figures, known as “Klabaufs,” were already roaming Munich as early as 1740. This year, the Krampus run took place on 14th December, drawing large crowds of residents and visitors
The costumes themselves are a central element of the tradition. Each outfit is handcrafted, often featuring heavy wooden masks that can weigh up to 10 kilograms. Some figures wear two horns and represent classic Krampus characters, while others display four to ten horns and are known as Perchten, ancient figures traditionally meant to drive out winter. Full costumes can cost up to 2,500 euros, reflecting the craftsmanship involved.
Despite their frightening appearance, organizers stress that modern Krampus figures are harmless. In Munich, they are described as playful and approachable, designed to be admired rather than feared. With a history spanning more than 500 years, the Krampus remains a striking reminder of how ancient rituals continue to live on in contemporary Germany.
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